The human diseases caused by M. bovis and M. tuberculosis (i.e., the human variant) are clinically indistinguishable, and cases caused by both are reported in U.S. TB surveillance (1,2,6,7). Baja California (BCA), Mexico, presents high prevalence of TB in both cattle and humans, making it important to investigate the molecular epidemiology of the disease in . In 1938, the percentage of M. bovis disease among all patients with tuberculosis (TB) was 9% in Amsterdam and 11% in the rest of the Netherlands. No infections among exposed health care workers were reported. Would you like email updates of new search results? Initially, the protocol was restricted to include studies conducted in developing countries only. Community-based cross-sectional survey of latent tuberculosis infection in Afar pastoralists, Ethiopia, using QuantiFERON TB-Gold In-Tube and tuberculin skin test. Mycobacterial Lineages Causing Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis, Ethiopia. Evaluation of 24 locus MIRU-VNTR genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Canada. CDC is not responsible for the content Whole-genome sequencing results of the isolates were nearly indistinguishable. Among the remaining two who were also potentially exposed to patient B at the church, one tested positive (patient Bs grandfather). (2016), the proportion of M. bovis isolates identified from EPTB cases, 440/1,522 (28.9%), was much higher as compared to isolates identified from PTB cases, 230/5,563 (4.1%). Nevertheless, these high proportions of M. bovis isolates were detected from blood samples collected from individuals who were not clinically diagnosed as TB cases. Mycobacterium bovis infection in human beings The causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, is also responsible for some cases of tuberculosis in human beings. Third, TST and IGRA are based on cellular immune response and cannot distinguish between old or recent infections, or whether the cause is M. tuberculosis or M. bovis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. mmwrq@cdc.gov. Both groups used selective mycobacterial culture media for cultivation. Indeed, there are also studies supporting the occurrences of higher prevalence of zoonotic TB among populations that had close contact with animals, farmers and pastoralists (Ameni et al., 2013; Legesse et al., 2011). and transmitted securely. Funnel plots of standard error and precision used to assess any publication bias. However, the pooled estimate of the genotyping-based studies is comparable with previous molecular study findings and systematic review reports. Mclnnes MDF, Moher D, Thombs BD, McGrath TA, Bossuyt PM, Clifford T, Cohen JF, Deeks JJ, Gatsonis C, Hooft L, Hunt HA, Hyde CJ, Korevaar DA, Leeflang MMG, Macaskill P, Reitsma JB, Rodin R, Rutjes AWS, Salameh JP, Stevens A, Takwoingi Y, Tonelli M, Weeks L, Whiting P, Willis BH; (2018). CDC twenty four seven. Second, dietary history details could be forgotten during the interim, or consumers might be unaware of the origin or pasteurization status of dairy products they consumed. We would like to extend our acknowledgment to the Institute of Public Health at the University of Gondar for providing specific training and support to HT to conduct the review. In this regard, the average prevalence of M. bovis infection among PTB cases was lower than that from EPTB; with a subtotal ES of 0.013 (0.0070.020) and 0.041 (0.0040.078) respectively. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. ** All six denied both international travel and consumption of Mexico-origin unpasteurized dairy products in the interim. Saving Lives, Protecting People, http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2014/pdfs/tb-surveillance-2014-report.pdf, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5415a2.htm, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Thoen C, Lobue P, de Kantor I. Here, the standard assumption is that prevalence follows a binomial distribution and expressed as a proportion. NVSL sequences the M. bovis isolates from all animal species; the size of the database is approximately 2,500 sequences. Ereqat S, Nasereddin A, Azmi K, Abdeen Z, Greenblatt CL, Spigelman M, Rastogi N, Bar-Gal GK (2012). In addition, large sequence polymorphism (LSP) typing and IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were also performed in some studies. 2018 Oct 1;158:1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.06.012. In April 2014, a man in Nebraska who was born in Mexico was determined to have extensive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) caused by M. bovis after experiencing approximately 3 months of cough and fever. On the basis of whole-genome sequencing of 15 less related cattle isolates in Group 13, this M. bovis strain appears to be disseminated throughout Mexico but has not been identified in U.S.-origin cattle. What are the implications for public health practice? Suggested citation for this article: Buss BF, Keyser-Metobo A, Rother J, et al. Tuberculosis infection is a condition in which microorganisms [i.e., M. tuberculosis complex] have entered the body and typically have elicited immune responses and includes both latent infection and TB disease. Latent infection is an asymptomatic condition that follows the initial infection; the infection is still present but is dormant (and believed not to be currently progressive or invasive) and might progress to TB disease. [Active] TB disease is determined by finding anatomic changes caused by advancing infection (e.g., shadows from infiltrates on a chest radiograph) or by noting symptoms (e.g., malaise, feverishness, or cough), and typically by both. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5415a2.htm. The association of some M. bovis strains with hyper-virulence, MDR-TB and disseminated disease makes it imperative to understand the biology of the pathogen. Publication bias was assessed through diagrammatic presentation and statistically tested using Eggers test. Twenty-four persons had extended close exposure to either patient and were regarded as high-priority contacts (4); among these, 10 (42%) had positive results at initial testing (Table 1). Careers. Comparison of Three Molecular Assays for Rapid Detection of Rifampin Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Moreover, there was paucity of primary studies, where only articles published in English were used for our literature search. References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Particularly, some population groups who have close contact with infected animals could be at higher risk than the general population (Alemayehu et al., 2008; Gumi et al., 2012; de la Rua-Domenech, 2006). An official website of the United States government. Four months later, a U.S.-born Hispanic girl from a nearby town who had been ill for 45 months was also determined to have pulmonary TB caused by M. bovis. Epub 2018 Jun 28. And besides the observed prevalence difference, the significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98.06%) recorded from this group, suggests uncertainty in first meta-analysis model estimation (Figure 2). The overall pooled prevalence of M. bovis aggregated from all included studies was 12.1% of the total MTBC isolates, while the corresponding pooled figure from the 14 genotyping-based studies was only 1.4%. Then, further subgroup analysis was done from 14 of the genotyping-based studies to estimate individual study findings and subtotal ES (prevalence of M. bovis) based on specific characteristics. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of Bovine tuberculosis eradication programs and routine pasteurization of milk products have led to marked declines in M. bovis TB in humans (1), which accounted for 1.6% of U.S. TB cases in 2014 (6), with regional differences (2,68). No information was collected regarding his prior employment in Mexico, but he did report frequent consumption of raw milk. Maintenance of patient As isolate in culture for approximately 5 months could have provided opportunity for accrual of the additional SNPs. Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a leading cause of human deaths due to any infectious disease worldwide. Nevertheless, the highest prevalence was also recorded from studies conducted in Africa (Jenkins et al., 2011; Nuru et al., 2017) (Figure 3). Indeed the observed differences between conventional and genotyping identification techniques were critically evaluated and discussed with narrative synthesis. Tuberculosis in dairy cattle is of particular concern where the consumption of raw milk and dairy products is customary. First-time detection and identification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex members in extrapulmonary tuberculosis clinical samples in south Tunisia by a single tube tetraplex real-time PCR assay. et al., 2016). Mycobacterium bovis, one of several mycobacteria of the M. tuberculosis complex, is a global zoonotic pathogen that primarily infects cattle. Ramos Daniela Fernandes, Tavares Lucas, da Silva Pedro Eduardo Almeida, Dellagostin Odir Antnio (2014). Targeted individuals having cattle contact but did not confirm direct link of transmission. Torres-Gonzalez P, Soberanis-Ramos O, Martinez-Gamboa A, Chavez-Mazari B, Barrios-Herrera MT, Torres-Rojas M, Cruz-Hervert LP, Garcia-Garcia L, Singh M, Gonzalez-Aguirre A, Ponce de Leon-Garduo A, Sifuentes-Osornio J, & Bobadilla-del-Valle M (2013). However, because of the observed methodological differences and heterogeneity in first full model (Figure 2), which was strongly significant among studies using the conventional identification method, further subgroup analysis and final pooled estimates were generated from genotyping-based studies only. Consistencies of extracted information obtained from the two authors were compared. To determine incidence among humans and to identify associated factors, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of human M. bovis cases in England, Wales, and Northern . et al., 2016) from Mexico reported similar findings with a prevalence range of 26%30%. A total of 3845 articles (3015 from PubMed and 830 from other sources (CIHAL = 273, EMBASE = 404 and Google Scholar = 153)) were selected and exported to EndNote reference manager of which 3686 articles remained after duplicates were removed. Transmission to humans generally occurs after close contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurised contaminated dairy products [ 1, 2 ]. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Public health responses to M. bovis pulmonary TB should be the same as those for M. tuberculosis TB, with additional inquiries about consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Christianson S, Wolfe J, Orr P, Karlowsky J, Levett PN, Horsman GB, Thibert L, Tang P, Sharma MK (2010). The standardization of typing methods, including development of new molecular methods or validation of the existing ones is necessary for proper estimation of the zoonotic TB burden. Influenced by primary objective - tool performance and identification reports were based on biochemical findings. Patients A and B were not counted as contacts for any setting. Non-Hispanic U.S.-born adults exposed at patient As residence. Three Hispanic siblings of patient B (aged 7, 9, and 10 years). Before Gumi B, Schelling E, Berg S, Firdessa R, Erenso G, Mekonnen W, Hailu E, Melese E, Hussein J, Aseffa A, & Zinsstag J (2012). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Therefore, the prevalence discrepancy in this review indicates that some of the identification methods might not correctly differentiate M. bovis from other subspecies of the M. tuberculosis complex. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:197201. As disease prevalence in cattle decreases these efforts are sometimes impeded by passage of M. bovis from In the United Kingdom, Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans is relatively rare (), and most cases involve previous exposure to well-recognized risk factors, such as unpasteurized milk ().However, with >4,500 new cases reported in cattle herds each year during 2014-2018 (), M. bovis remains a major issue for animal health in large parts of England and Wales. The causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, is also responsible for some cases of tuberculosis in human beings. A roadmap for zoonotic tuberculosis: A One Health approach to ending tuberculosis. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008894. In August 2015, a U.S.-born 11-year-old niece of patient A, who reported exposure to him only at the church, became ill with shortness of breath and cough. eCollection 2022. Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is another mycobacterium that can cause TB disease in people. Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. Genetic Diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisComplex Isolated from Tuberculosis Patients in Bahir Dar City and Its Surroundings, Northwest Ethiopia. The .gov means its official. Humans become infected by consuming unpasteurized dairy products from infected cows ( 1, 2 ); possible person-to-person airborne transmission has also been reported ( 3 ). The oldest isolate sequenced is from 1991, but isolates were not consistently archived from affected herds until 1997. Contact investigations were conducted in accordance with published guidelines (4) focusing on household contacts of both patients, community contacts at both the church and patient Bs school, coworkers of patient A, and persons who spent extended periods in a vehicle with him. provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply From all 19 studies included in this review, a total of 7,185 MTBC species were isolated of which 702 (9.77%) were identified as M. bovis. There was no discrepancy, except minor differences related to notes listed in the last column of Table 1a,,1b,1b, which presented. 2022 May 3;9:877322. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.877322. A final 19 articles were included for qualitative systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis. On the other hand, most of the conventional-based studies, which reported remarkably higher prevalence of M. bovis cases, were highly influenced by their primary objective. Molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolates: a review. National Tuberculosis Controllers Association; CDC. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The patients knew one another but their interactions were reported to be minimal. Epub 2022 Sep 13. In the United Kingdom, Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans is relatively rare (), and most cases involve previous exposure to well-recognized risk factors, such as unpasteurized milk ().However, with >4,500 new cases reported in cattle herds each year during 2014-2018 (), M. bovis remains a major issue for animal health in large parts of England and Wales. [Investigation of Mycobacterium bovis subsp. * An interferon-gamma release assay was used for testing at the church where foreign-born persons predominated and for other foreign-born contacts. This work was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Department for International Development, the Economic & Social Research Council, the Medical Research Council, the Natural Environment Research Council and the Defence Science & Technology Laboratory, under the Zoonoses and Emerging Livestock Systems (ZELS) programme, ref: BB/L018977/1. Generally, human M. bovis cases reported from different countries of the world suggest that the impact of zoonotic TB is still important in all regions. Prevalence of latent and active tuberculosis among dairy farm workers exposed to cattle infected by Mycobacterium bovis. Dean AS, Forcella S, Olea-Popelka F, Idrissi AE, Glaziou P, Benyahia A, Mumford E, Erlacher-Vindel E, Gifford G, Lubroth J, Raviglione M, & Fujiwara P (2018). Characteristics of included studies, the main component of study variables and findings related to the relevant disease condition, are presented in Tables 1a,,b.b. Microorganisms. On the contrary, molecular studies identified very low numbers of M. bovis in sputum samples collected from clinical patients living in the same region (Asia) (Devi et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2015). Consumption of imported contaminated dairy products could not be excluded, but locally produced dairy products were unlikely to be contaminated with M. bovis. Evaluation of Genotype MTBC Assay for Differentiation of Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Isolates. Genetic characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the West Bank, Palestinian Territories. Jabbar A, Khan J, Ullah A, Rehman H, & Ali I (2015). The evolution of the Multi- and Extensively drug-resistant M. bovis strains (MDR-TB and XDR-TB) represents a global threat to public health. Characteristics of included studies and their main findings were summarized in tables and discussed with narrative syntheses. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. Tuberculosis (TB) is among the most devastating human infectious diseases worldwide. Although the tool does not take into account the main features of molecular studies where the methodological quality is primarily maintained through standard laboratory procedures such as culturing and characterization of species, compared to other alternative quality assessment tools, it was found to be appropriate and sufficient enough to evaluate the overall quality of included studies. Yeboah-Manu D, Asare P, Asante-Poku A, Otchere ID, Osei-Wusu S, Danso E, Forson A, Koram KA, & Gagneux S (2016). 2022 Oct;252:110486. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110486. Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to She initially received treatment for presumed bronchitis and allergies, without chest radiography. Here, we critically reviewed and aggregated prevalence of zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) reported by studies published in the last 10 years, with the aim to summarize recent findings. 2016 Jul;50(3):392-400. doi: 10.5578/mb.27784. Bobadilla-del Valle M, Torres-Gonzlez P, Cervera-Hernndez ME, Martnez-Gamboa A, Crabtree-Ramirez B, Chvez-Mazari B, Ortiz-Conchi N, Rodrguez-Cruz L, Cervantes-Snchez A, Gudio-Enrquez T, Cinta-Severo C, Sifuentes-Osornio J, & Ponce de Len A (2015). Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Assam, India: Dominance of Beijing family and discovery of two new clades related to CAS1_Delhi and EAI family based on spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing. Jenkins AO, Cadmus SIB, Venter EH, Pourcel C, Hauk Y, Vergnaud G, Godfroid J (2011). The second subgroup analysis (Figure 4) found that the average prevalence of M. bovis detected in EPTB cases was three times higher (4.1%) than the subtotal estimates found in PTB cases (1.3%). Zoonotic tuberculosis in occupationally exposed groups in Pakistan. Therefore, this review and meta-analysis study aimed to summarize recent evidence and used to estimate the global prevalence of human M. bovis cases reported from epidemiological studies published in the last ten years. The overall review approach was done based on condition-context-population (CoCoPop) review method. In this review, the 19 included studies showed a large prevalence difference in reported zoonotic TB that ranged from 0.4% (Ghariani et al., 2015) to 76.7% (Siala et al., 2017). However, transmission via occupational exposure may also occur through . M. bovis is most commonly found in cattle and other animals such as bison, elk, and deer. The sequences did not match others in NVSLs library, but the isolates shared a common ancestor with isolates from five cattle in Mexico.. Patient A might have been infected from consuming unpasteurized dairy products originating in Mexico. To increase the sensitivity of the searching strategy, all observational studies published in English from 20 April 2009 up to 17 April 2019 were identified through searches of PubMed, Google scholar, CINAHL and EMBASE databases. the date of publication. 2022 Sep 27;10(10):1919. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10101919. She recovered quickly and remained in isolation at home until late September. This is also similar to that of the previous findings reported more than two decades ago in Europe and USA. Although these species can be distinguished by routine genotyping, biochemical characterization and drug susceptibility testing, which generally provide results earlier, have been historically used and can increase the index of suspicion for M. bovis. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Among 11 high-priority contacts of patient B, seven were family members who were also potentially exposed to patient A at the church. In June 2014, patient B, a Hispanic girl aged 16 years, who was born in Nebraska to Mexican parents, sought medical care after 23 months of cough. Both patients had pulmonary cavities on radiography and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) on sputum-smear microscopy, indicators of being contagious (4). Jie Shi, Danwei Zheng, Yankun Zhu, Xiaoguang Ma, Shaohua Wang, Hui Li, Jin Xing (2018). Future investigations on zoonotic TB should carefully consider these differences when evaluating prevalence results. However, it was difficult to understand the true picture of the disease prevalence because of methodological differences. These cattle included four dairy cows in Nuevo Len and one steer in Durango, Mexico. of pages found at these sites. Each individual study was evaluated based on the above nine JBI measurement criteria and score was given as Yes = 1, No = 0 or Unclear = U. Essentially, spoligotyping was the most common procedure. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The only social connection between the two patients was attendance at the same church, and no common dietary exposure was identified. Among the 13 high-priority contacts of patient A, 11 did not attend the church. The importance of, Evans JT, Smith EG, Banerjee A, et al. Among a total of 7,223 MTBC isolates, 5,568 (77%) were isolated from sputum samples. Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a re-emerging problem in both livestock and humans. Persons who had positive test results indicating infection had chest radiographs to exclude active TB disease and thus establish latent infection (4). All contacts were asked about their country of birth except those at a school attended by patient B where all were assumed to have been born in the United States. Potentially exposed health care workers were notified for follow-up at their respective facilities with a request to report infections to the health department if identified. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis from human sputum samples through multiplex PCR, Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. In the current review, the average prevalence of M. bovis cases estimated from genotyping-based studies conducted in Africa was lower than in the other regions covered. Mathuria JP, Sharma P, Prakash P, Samaria JK, Katoch VM, & Anupurba S (2008). Zoonotic transmission of tuberculosis between pastoralists and their livestock in South-East Ethiopia. Five of the studies used phenotyping by biochemical tests as primary identification and differentiation techniques of the mycobacterial isolates (Bobadilla-del Valle et al., 2015; Ghariani et al., 2015; Portillo-Gomez & Sosa-lglesias, 2011; Siala et al., 2017; Torres-Gonzalez et al., 2016). Quantitative meta-analysis using STATA-14 (metaprop command) was performed. Due to lack of a standard assessment tool that is developed for molecular prevalence studies, the quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist used for observational studies reporting prevalence data (Porritt et al., 2014). Bryan F. Buss, DVM1,2; Alison Keyser-Metobo, MPH2; Julie Rother3; Laura Holtz4; Kristin Gall, MSN2; John Jereb, MD5; Caitlin N. Murphy, PhD6; Peter C. Iwen, PhD6,7; Suelee Robbe-Austerman, DVM8; Melissa A. Holcomb, DVM2; Pat Infield2 (View author affiliations). ** Treatment differs, however, because M. bovis is inherently resistant to PZA, which is part of the routine initial TB treatment regimen (5). Infectious TB refers either to TB disease of the lungs or throat, which has the potential to cause transmission to other persons, or to the patient who has TB disease. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5415a2.htm. ** Six U.S.-born children. Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies. Mycobacterium bovis, a zoonotic pathogen of cattle, causes tuberculosis in persons who consume unpasteurized contaminated dairy products. She remained ill through late July, when radiography revealed a pulmonary cavity and her sputum smear had numerous AFB. Identification of the causative organism of tuberculous lymphadenitis in Ethiopia by PCR. Influenced by primary objective that was intended to show performance of the tool while species identification was based on biochemical tests. In late September 2014, both patients isolates were sent to the United States Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) where whole-genome sequencing was performed. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Keywords: Airborne transmission from either patient was plausible based on disease characteristics (i.e., pulmonary cavities and AFB on sputum smears) and contact findings. Molecular Typing of Mycobacterium bovis Isolates in Argentina: First Description of a Person-to-Person Transmission Case. Whole-genome sequencing can be used to identify species and investigate transmission. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) Today, reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of tuberculosis in animals, and sometimes humans, exist in a range of countries . For instance, in Mexico, Lopez-Rocha et al., 2013 (Lopez-Rocha et al., 2013) found a low prevalence of M. bovis (2.1%) using genotyping-based methods while the three conventional-based studies from Mexico showed prevalence that reached up to 30% M. bovis among the total number of TB cases (Torres-Gonzalez. Molecular Analysis of Human and Bovine Tubercle Bacilli from a Local Setting in Nigeria.
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