[157] In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygina, who was fourteen at the time but within the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. [620] In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from MarxistLeninist doctrine. [citation needed]. [148] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". 2012. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming the Western powers for the war. [36] Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting the nickname "Koba" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. "[889] For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians, he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer;[889] for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. [419] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. [772] After 1932, he favoured holidays in Abkhazia, being a friend of its leader, Nestor Lakoba. The Law of the Soviet Union was the law as it developed in the Soviet Union (USSR) following the October Revolution of 1917. [247], The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik-governed Georgia,[248] while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into Turkestan to reassert Russian state control. [332] Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. [347] In 1928, the first five-year plan was launched, its main focus on boosting heavy industry;[348] it was finished a year ahead of schedule, in 1932. [699] He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a dictatorship of the proletariat,[700] regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers and entered a period of tension, the Cold War. [299], In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. [549] The Red Army withheld assistance to Polish resistance fighters battling the Germans in the Warsaw Uprising, with Stalin believing that any victorious Polish militants could interfere with his aspirations to dominate Poland through a future Marxist government. [926] Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. [636] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. A joint resolution of the Party Central Committee and Central Revision Committee specified the criteria for purging and called for setting up special Purge Commissions, to which every communist had to report. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. She gave birth to a son, named Alexander, in around April 1917. "[906] McDermott stated that Stalin had "concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands. Approximately 220,000 members were purged or left the party. [475] Embarrassed by their inability to defeat the Finns, the Soviets signed an interim peace treaty, in which they received territorial concessions from Finland. Updated Covid-19 advisories: Vaccination at the workplace and work and leave arrangements for Covid-19 positive employees who are mildly symptomatic or physically well. [606][607] He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group although not Stalin were apprehended by the authorities. [122] In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda, where he stayed for two months,[123] having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva. [528] In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday,[529] and in 1942, Time magazine named him "Man of the Year". [302] Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism and thus instability into the party. [252] Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. [334] Stalin barred kulaks from joining these collectives. [199] Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Red Terror. [674] The crowds of people coming to view the body were so large and disorganised that many people were killed in a crowd crush. Locations. [137] Stalin returned to Saint Petersburg, where he continued editing and writing articles for Pravda. Allen & Gledhill recognised as Tier 1 firm for M&A and Restructuring and Insolvency by IFLR1000, with most number of lawyers recognised across all practices. [138], After the October 1912 Duma elections, where six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks were elected, Stalin wrote articles calling for reconciliation between the two Marxist factions, for which Lenin criticised him. [212], After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. [901] Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934,[902] with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [527], In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. 2014. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [343] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[344] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. Until 1933 those purged (totaling 800,000) were not usually arrested. [307] Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and returned to government. The U.S. also offered financial assistance to countries as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade, aware that the Soviets would never agree. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [705] According to Sandle, Stalin was "committed to the creation of a society that was industrialised, collectivised, centrally planned and technologically advanced. "[860] Stalin married twice and had several children. [482] After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany, Japan, and Italy in October 1940, Stalin proposed that the USSR also join the Axis alliance. [145], Stalin's article Marxism and the National Question[146] was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye;[147] Lenin was pleased with it. [874] Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood,[875] and was also very fond of Artyom. [666] Stalin died on 5 March 1953. "Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Trade unions in the Soviet Union Role in the Soviet class system, chekism, and party rule, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, . [960] There have also been requests by communist officials to canonize Stalin as an official saint, although these requests were never implemented the author referencing the church's suffering under Stalin's rule. [583] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. [192] Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute,[193] and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. [900] He has also been labelled a "red fascist". [152], In adulthood, Stalin measured 1.70m (5feet 7inches). [504] Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing almost entirely on production for the military. [218] In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, sometimes without trial[219] and in contravention of government orders purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, some of whom he also executed. [698], As a Marxist and an anti-capitalist, Stalin believed in an inevitable "class war" between the world's proletariat and bourgeoisie. [731], Ethnically Georgian,[732] Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language,[733] and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. They were required to confess their transgressions towards the party and name accomplices. [439] He also initiated "national operations", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groupsamong them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinesethrough internal or external exile. [101] In November 1907, his wife died of typhus,[102] and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. [34], Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school;[35] he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done? - S. 260272; No. [345] In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo. [44], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. [460] Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s. By. This was, in effect, a new Russian revolution more devastating in its effects than those of 1917. [640] He was further angered by Israel's growing alliance with the U.S.[641] After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles to Siberia. From 28 November to 1 December 1943, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and the Premier of the USSR, Joseph Stalin, met at a conference in Tehran, where they again confirmed their . [552] Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. [962], "Stalin" redirects here. [135] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. Some documents relating to the operation "Spring" were published in the USSR in a two-volume collection of documents "From the archives of the Cheka, OGPU, NKVD" dedicated to this operation. [400] Stalin would not acknowledge that his policies had contributed to the famine,[389] the existence of which was kept secret from foreign observers. - S. 140149. [180], On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. [76] He publicly lambasted the "pogroms against Jews and Armenians" as being part of Tsar Nicholas II's attempts to "buttress his despicable throne". [39] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[40] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing Tsarist authorities. [243] At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late September, Trotsky accused Stalin of "strategic mistakes" in his handling of the war. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. [66] There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle"), with Philip Makharadze. [568] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. [323] At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev. "[599] He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. [890] In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power,[891] one which could "claim impressive achievements" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. [467] In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the MolotovRibbentrop pact with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. [354] To promote intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. [851] Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. [880] There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. K. Gravitsky, Vladimir Olderogge, V. A. Yablochkin, Nikolai Sollogub, Aleksandr Baltiysky, Mikhail Dmitriyevich Bonch-Bruyevich, N. A. Morozov, Aleksei Gutor, A. Kh. [721] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". [787] Several historians have seen it as appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being "several Stalins" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. Serving in the Russian Civil War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922, Stalin assumed leadership over the country following Lenin's death in 1924. He joined an underground revolutionary group and sided with the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers . Ganin A.V. [608] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. - S. 261291. [238] On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. [141] In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna,[142] where he researched the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire's national and ethnic minorities. [376] Through the Communist International, Stalin's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere in the world;[377] initially, Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin. [380] This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. 10. [542] In 1944, the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. [748][749] His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. AP The decision to close Memorial comes amid an unprecedented crackdown dissent under Putin over the past two years that has seen many prominent opposition activists jailed or forced abroad. Events Pre-1600 800 - A council is convened in the Vatican, at which Charlemagne is to judge the accusations against Pope Leo III. [346], Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on ad hoc commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. [168] In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. [241] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war. [729] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. [586] He demoted Molotov,[587] and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. [304] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. "[941] In a 2017 interview, Putin added that while "we should not forget the horrors of Stalinism", the excessive demonization of Stalin "is a means to attack [the] Soviet Union and Russia". [805] By the 1920s, he was also suspicious and conspiratorial, prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent. [589] In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. [633], At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western, anti-communist government in the south. Purges of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union ( Russian: " ", chistka partiynykh ryadov, "cleansing of the party ranks") were Soviet political events, especially during the 1920s, [1] in which periodic reviews of members of the Communist Party were conducted by other members and the security organs to get rid of "undesir. [724] This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals,[706] and served to discredit Trotskywho promoted the idea of "permanent revolution"by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism. [553] As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. December 5, 1936. CHAPTER I. [809] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. 2002 , 12, - , . [280] During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, "Lenin's Testament" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. 26. At the same time, a significant number of new industrial workers joined the Party. [813] He protected several Soviet writers from arrest and prosecution, such as Mikhail Bulgakov, even when their work was labelled harmful to his regime. I stand on the ground of the latter". [494] By July, Germany's Luftwaffe was bombing Moscow,[493] and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. [16] Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. [550] Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. [531] Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. [636] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured international military support for the South Koreans. [254] In mid-1921, Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus, there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which marginalised the Abkhazian, Ossetian, and Adjarian minorities in Georgia. [479] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. [233] In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate;[234] that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front. [29] He continued writing poetry; five of his poems, on themes such as nature, land and patriotism, were published under the pseudonym of "Soselo" in Ilia Chavchavadze's newspaper Iveria (Georgia). In a joint statement issued after the four-day . [544] Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy. This case gained fame with the release in 2000 of the book of the Ukrainian historian Yaroslav Tinchenko The Calvary of Russian Officers, which essentially raised this topic for the first time and made it accessible to the general reader. [714] After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writingsfar more so than those of Marx and Engelsto guide him in the affairs of state. [895] Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a totalitarian state,[896] with Stalin its authoritarian leader. [579] In the war's aftermath, some of Stalin's associates suggested modifications to government policy. [359] From 1929 to 1930, further show trials were held to intimidate opposition:[360] these included the Industrial Party Trial, Menshevik Trial, and Metro-Vickers Trial. [327] Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. Joseph Stalin Born December 21, 1879 Gori, Georgia, Russia Died March 5, 1953 Kuntsevo, Russia, Soviet Union Premier of the Soviet Union J oseph Stalin was the brutal and absolute leader of the communist Soviet Union from 1929 until his death in 1953. [690] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[690] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. Independent media has also been squeezed. [105] They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures to extract ransom money. [236] On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. [909] Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an "unimpeded despot", noting that "powerful though he was, his powers were not limitless", and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited. [417] Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation. [235], Following earlier clashes between Polish and Russian troops, the PolishSoviet War broke out in early 1920, with the Poles invading Ukraine and taking Kiev on 7 May. [607] In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. Moscow Trials (1936-38) --> show trials, an excuse for Stalin to remove big opposition (Bukharin 1938, Kamenev and Zinoviev in 1936)- 1st December Laws --> ordered the immediate commencing of purges and trials for threats and rivals to the communist regime. [810] Conversely, historian E.A. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. [312] According to Montefiore, at this point "Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator". [375] He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, both of whom were impressed with him. [940] In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory. [565] Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. [433] By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin. [655], From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. Person. [888] According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from "the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory. To eradicate "enemies of the working class", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned, largely in the Gulag system of forced labour camps, and at least 700,000 executed by government agents between 1936 and 1938. [505] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. [93] By that year according to the historian Robert Service Stalin had established himself as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik". [524] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. [85] At the conference Stalin met Lenin for the first time. [483] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. 27. [181] In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup the October Revolution was directed. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. [618] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. - P. 122125. 6 December]1878[4][h] and baptised on 29 December. [912], A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. [392] The worst affected areas were Ukraine and the North Caucasus, although the famine also affected Kazakhstan and several Russian provinces. [957] In December 2010, unknown persons decapitated it and it was destroyed in a bomb attack in 2011. [809] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. [582] Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the rouble and abolished the ration-book system. Political bureau ceased to function after the success of the Bolshevik coup in Petrograd (October 25 [November 7], 1917) [660] In 1952, he also eliminated the Politburo and replaced it with a larger version which he called the Presidium. Ganin A.V. According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match";[862] Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved". [669] It has been conjectured that Stalin was murdered;[670] Beria has been suspected of murdering him, but no firm evidence has ever appeared. [385], Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government. [330] By July 1930, over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy. [258] Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. [515] That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. [750] He was born with a webbed left foot, and his left arm had been permanently injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility,[751] which was probably the result of being hit, at the age of 12, by a horse-drawn carriage. 2011. [451] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[452] a man totally devoted to Stalin. [497] In June 1941, he ordered a scorched earth policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them,[498] also commanding the NKVD to kill around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached. His own woman [Alliluyeva] was enough for him, and he paid scant attention to her. [760]Montefiore also described Stalin during this formative period as a "terrorist-gangster". This can be described as a one-shot, n-person prisoner's dilemma.
Survivor Immunity Challenge Last Night,
Mogen David Total Wine,
How Are Organ Donors And Recipients Matched,
Cvusd Calendar 2024-2025,
Is It Illegal To Work With A Fever,
Articles OTHER
